New Challenges for Knowledge – Digital Dynamics to Access and Sharing

<p>Introduction . xiii</p>
<p>Part 1. Production: Global Knowledge and Science in the Digital Era&nbsp; 1</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Current Knowledge Dynamics 3</p>
<p>1.1. Transparency of scientific data 4</p>
<p>1.2. Transparency of experimental protocol&nbsp; 6</p>
<p>1.3. A necessary form of research engineering 7</p>
<p>1.4. Confusion between data and scientific results: avoiding manipulation of research results 8</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Digital Conditions for Knowledge Production&nbsp; 11</p>
<p>2.1. An economic system oriented toward innovation&nbsp; 11</p>
<p>2.2. What of knowledge and indeed the concept of the commons? 13</p>
<p>2.3. From analog to digital 14</p>
<p>2.4. User producer: civil society enters the knowledge production system&nbsp; 16</p>
<p>2.5. The interactions between the various spheres of knowledge production 18</p>
<p>2.6. Collaboration between society and knowledge: producing authorities should be put into perspective 20</p>
<p>Chapter 3. The Dual Relationship between the User and the Developer 23</p>
<p>3.1. Legal arrangements for knowledge–sharing using development platforms 23</p>
<p>3.2. The user contributes to the creation and development of content process 25</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Researchers Uses and Needs for Scientific and Technical Information&nbsp; 29</p>
<p>4.1. The CNRS survey 29</p>
<p>4.2. Diverse uses and dual needs 31</p>
<p>4.3. An explanation through differentiated scientific analysis&nbsp; 33</p>
<p>Chapter 5. New Tools for Knowledge Capture&nbsp; 37</p>
<p>5.1. The growth of metadata exploitation&nbsp; 37</p>
<p>5.2. Are we moving toward a semantic Web? 38</p>
<p>5.3. Tools and limits for metadata processing 39</p>
<p>5.4. The challenges of the semantic Web&nbsp; 40</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Modes of Knowledge Sharing and Technologies&nbsp; 43</p>
<p>6.1. Data storage technologies and access allowing knowledge sharing 43</p>
<p>6.2. Exchange platforms and catalogs&nbsp; 44</p>
<p>6.3. Knowledge–processing and digital editions&nbsp; 45</p>
<p>Part 2. Sharing Mechanisms: Knowledge Sharing and the Knowledge–based Economy 47</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Business Model for Scientific Publication 49</p>
<p>7.1. The current economic model is changing so as to adapt to new conditions for knowledge sharing&nbsp; 49</p>
<p>7.2. Creation of a new model 51</p>
<p>7.3. The issues raised by the creation of a new economic model&nbsp; 52</p>
<p>7.4. A new economic model struggling to fine its niche 54</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Actor Strategy: International Scientific Publishing, Services with High Added Value and Research Communities 57</p>
<p>8.1. Publishing, editing and existing: live issues within the publication of Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 58</p>
<p>8.2. Who is subject to it? The other players in scientific publishing&nbsp; 59</p>
<p>8.3. The characteristics of SMS (Science of Man and Society)&nbsp; 60</p>
<p>8.4. Existing without publishing? New STI directions&nbsp; 62</p>
<p>8.5. Alternatives to scientific publishing&nbsp; 63</p>
<p>Chapter 9. New Approaches to Scientific Production 67</p>
<p>9.1. New means of access to scientific production: innovative models&nbsp; 67</p>
<p>9.2. Two main objectives: accelerating knowledge sharing and promoting scientific collaboration 71</p>
<p>9.3. The need for new analytical tools and the risk of reprivatization of scientific knowledge. 72</p>
<p>9.4. The absence of the usage doctrine and the risk of reprivatization of science: the case of social networks&nbsp; 74</p>
<p>Chapter 10. The Geopolitics of Science 77</p>
<p>10.1. National convergent research models 78</p>
<p>10.2. Science is a source of international cooperation&nbsp; 81</p>
<p>10.3. International scientific cooperation is accelerating 84</p>
<p>Chapter 11. Copyright Serving the Market 85</p>
<p>Part 3. Enhancement Knowledge Rights and Public Policies in the Wake of Digital Technology 89</p>
<p>Chapter 12. Legal Protection of Scientific Research Results in the Humanities and Social Sciences&nbsp; 91</p>
<p>12.1.Different legal protections for different kinds of science 91</p>
<p>12.2. Why protect? 92</p>
<p>12.3. How to protect&nbsp; 93</p>
<p>12.4. Protect against whom? 98</p>
<p>12.5. Changing the challenges of Internet protection 99</p>
<p>12.6. Legal obstacles related to the author s right 100</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Development of Knowledge and Public Policies 103</p>
<p>13.1. Knowledge enhancement concerns everyone&nbsp; 104</p>
<p>13.2. What are the public policies for enhancing knowledge?&nbsp; 105</p>
<p>13.3. State establishment of connections between actors: a key tool in knowledge enhancement&nbsp; 107</p>
<p>13.4. Comparing the United States and the European Union&nbsp; 109</p>
<p>Chapter 14. From Author to Enhancer&nbsp; 111</p>
<p>14.1. Enhancing scientific research is a complex process&nbsp; 112</p>
<p>14.2. Scientific research enhancement follows a legislative framework intended to promote innovation&nbsp; 114</p>
<p>Chapter 15. The Right to Knowledge: Moving Toward a Universal Law? 117</p>
<p>15.1. Unclear regulatory frameworks&nbsp; 118</p>
<p>15.2. Developing legal frameworks related to the Internet is complicated 121</p>
<p>15.3. Proposals for developing legal frameworks for the Internet&nbsp; 123</p>
<p>Chapter 16. Governing by Algorithm 127</p>
<p>16.1. Statistics that foreshadow algorithms 128</p>
<p>16.2. Algorithmic governance and democratic opportunities&nbsp; 130</p>
<p>Chapter 17. Public Data and Science in e–Government&nbsp; 133</p>
<p>17.1. Disseminating data and disseminating science: a new requirement 134</p>
<p>17.2. Public data in the e–government&nbsp; 137</p>
<p>17.3. Science within e–government 139</p>
<p>Chapter 18. Surveillance, Sousveillance, Improper Capturing 141</p>
<p>18.1. The traditional legal framework for information capture 142</p>
<p>18.2. The clear need for a specific law 145</p>
<p>Chapter 19. Public Knowledge Policies in the Digital Age&nbsp; 149</p>
<p>19.1. GAFA domination and the oligopolization of the market 150</p>
<p>19.2. Isolated digital ecosystems 152</p>
<p>19.3. Regulation through competition law 153</p>
<p>19.4. Data protection: moving toward a law for the digital community 154</p>
<p>Chapter 20. The Politics of Creating Artificial Intelligence&nbsp; 157</p>
<p>20.1. History 158</p>
<p>20.2. Artificial intelligence has become a priority for public and private actors&nbsp; 160</p>
<p>20.4. The appearance of legal problems 162</p>
<p>Chapter 21. Security Policies in Artificial Intelligence 165</p>
<p>21.1. Security as a comment on machines and data&nbsp; 166</p>
<p>21.2. From the security of machines to the security of humans 169</p>
<p>Conclusion 175</p>
<p>Postscript&nbsp; 177</p>
<p>Glossary&nbsp; 179</p>
<p>Bibliography&nbsp; 185</p>
<p>Index 201</p>