Embedded Systems Design

Preface
Introduction
Microprocessors in the Auto Industry
Microprocessors in the Air Travel Industry
Microprocessors in the Games Market
Why Embedded Systems Are Different
Summary

Chapter 1
The Embedded Design Life Cycle
Introduction
Product Specification
Hardware/Software Partitioning
Iteration and Implementation
Detailed Hardware and Software Design
Hardware/Software Integration
Product Testing and Release
Who Does the Testing?
Maintaining and Upgrading Existing Products
Summary
Work Cited

Chapter 2
The Selection Process
Packaging the Silicon
Microprocessor versus Microcontroller
Silicon Economics
Using the Core As the Basis of a Microcontroller
System-on-Silicon (SoS)
Adequate Performance
Performance-Measuring Tools
Meaningful Benchmarking
Running Benchmarks
RTOS Availability
Language/Microprocessor Support
Tool Compatibility
Performance
Device Drivers
Debugging Tools
Standards Compatibility
Technical Support
Source Code versus Object Code
Services
Tool Chain Availability
Compilers
Hardware and Software Debugging Tools
Other Issues in the Selection Process
A Prior Commitment to a Particular Processor Family
A Prior Restriction on Language
Time to Market
Additional Reading
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 3
The Partitioning Decision
Hardware/Software Duality
Hardware Trends
'Coding' Hardware
The ASIC Revolution
ASICs and Revision Costs
Managing the Risk
Co-Verification
Additional Reading
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 4
The Development Environment
Introduction
The Execution Environment
Memory Organization
System Space
Code Space
Data Space
Unpopulated Memory Space
I/O Space
System Startup
Interrupt Response Cycle
Function Calls and Stack Frames
Run-Time Environment
Object Placement
Additional Reading
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 5
Special Software Techniques
Manipulating the Hardware
Inline Assembly
Memory-Mapped Access
Bitwise Operations
Using the Storage Class Modifier Volatile
Speed and Code Density
Interrupts and Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs)
From Polling Loop to Interrupt-Driven
Nested Interrupts and Reentrancy
Measuring Execution Time
Watchdog Timers
Watchdog Timer: Debugging the Target System
Flash Memory
Design Methodology
Additional Reading
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 6
A Basic Toolset
Host-Based Debugging
Word Size
Byte Order
Remote Debuggers and Debug Kernels
ROM Emulator
Limitations
Intrusiveness and Real-Time Debugging
Logic Analyzer
Timing Mode
State Mode
Triggers
State Transitions
Limitations
Physical Connections
Logic Analyzers and Caches
Compiler Optimizations
Cost Benefit
Other Uses
Statistical Profiling
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 7
BDM, JTAG, and Nexus
Background Debug Mode
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
Nexus
Summary

Chapter 8
The ICE - An Integrated Solution
Bullet-Proof Run Control
Real-Time Trace
Hardware Breakpoints
Overlay Memory
Timing Constraints
Usage Issues
Setting the Trigger
Additional Reading
Summary
Work Cited

Chapter 9
Testing
Introduction
Why Test?
To Find the Bugs
To Reduce Risk
To Reduce Costs
To Improve Performance
When to Test?
Unit Testing
Regression Testing
Which Tests?
When to Stop?
Choosing Test Cases
Functional Tests
Coverage Tests
Testing Embedded Software
Real-Time Failure Modes
Measuring Test Coverage
Performance Testing
How to Test Performance
Maintenance and Testing
Additional Reading
Summary
Works Cited

Chapter 10
The Future
Reconfigurable Hardware
Some Comments on the Tool Business
Tool/Chip Tension
Summary
Works Cited

Index